Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

2 Associate Professor, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

3 Professor, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.

4 Assistant Professor, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

Abstract

Structural roots of the occurrence of academic corruption in higher education in IranIntroduction: Corruption in general and academic corruption in particular have always had alarming effectandconsequences for both the organization and society, and many structures and institutions areaffected by its effects and consequences. In such a way that not only does corruptionreducethequality, equality and accessibility of higher education, but it also reduces itscomprehensive economic returns and cultural capacities.Objective: Considering the important roleand proper performance of universities in society, the aim of this study is to investigate the structural roots of academic corruption in the Iranian higher education system from the perspective of experts andprofessors with an interpretive approach.

Method: The research approach used in this research is qualitative and the Foundation's data theory method based on Emerging Design was used to perform research operations. Data from this study were collected using open interview method. The sampling method used in this study is a targeted sampling method and snowball, and using the theoretical saturation index, 15 professors and experts were interviewed as the study population. Their attitudes and views on how academic corruption occurs in Iranian higher education were examined.

Results: Background theory has been used to analyze the data and draw conclusions from the research findings. The main findings of this study using contextual theory included structural roots such as economic, managerial, cultural, social and political roots. Finally, using research findings, a model called the Structural Factors Model of Academic Corruption was presented.


Discussion: The data of this research is important from the perspective of analysis and it is from the pathological point of view of policy making. What can be seen in the organization and in our country's social system in general is that most anti-corruption and anti-corruption policies are focused on the corrupt person, and even politicians who have very benevolent attitudes about promoting social and academic affairs. Most attempts have been made to address the issue of corruption among individuals, as if the issue of corruption is being addressed by removing or removing them from the page of social and academic activities. Unaware that there are more roots of corruption in social and cultural, political, economic and other structures. So until those structures are identified, discovered and controlled, the removal and settlement of large-scale accounts with people suspected of corruption, including academic corruption, is a pounding of water in the mortar.
Keywords: Academic Corruption - Higher Education.

Keywords

Abbas Zadegan, S. M. (2015). Corruption. Publisher of Cultural Research Office, Tehran. [Persian].
Abbasi, A., Dosti, M., & Zaire, B. (2015). Ways of prevention and all kinds of scientific misconduct, Communication Management in Sports Media, 2(7), 55-61. [Persian]
Ajaghi, R., Keyvan Ara, M., Sohrabi, M. & Papi, A. (2011). Pathological analysis of scientific fraud and theft based on a qualitative study. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, Special Education Development and Health Promotion. 3(2), 39-42. [Persian]
Chen, S., & Macfarlane, B. (2015). Academic integrity in China. Handbook of Academic Integrity, 99-105.
Chen, S., & Macfarlane, B. (2015). Academic integrity in China.Handbook of Academic Integrity, 99-105.
Corruption at the macro level (Final Corruption Assessment Report, 2006, United States). [Persian].
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative & mixed method approaches (fourth edition). Sage publications London: New Delhi.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (Fourth edition). Pearson. Boston.
Denisova-Schmidt, E., Huber, M., & Leontyeva, E. (2016). On the development of students’ attitudes towards corruption and cheating in Russian universities. European Journal of Higher Education, 6(2), 128-143.
Dong, B., & Torgler, B. (2013). Causes of corruption: Evidence from China, China Economic Review, 26, 479-503.
Dridi, M. (2014). Corruption and education: Empirical evidence. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4, 476-493.
Ejei, J. (2014). Social pathology with a look at pathology with a look at religions. Tehran: Samat Publications. [Persian]
Faraskhah, M., & Ghani Rad, M. A. (2010). Investigating the role of scientific associations and academics in policy-making and evaluation of the country's scientific system, Approach, 41(3), 5-12. [Persian]
Faraskhah, M., & Maniei, R. (2015). Factors Affecting Faculty Participation in Higher Education Policy and University Planning, Quarterly Journal of Higher Education Research and Planning, 20(4), 29-53. [Persian]
Faraskhah, M. (2016). The Social Responsibility of Science, The Problem of Apparatus and the Third Place, The First Assembly of the Union of Social Science Associations of Universities Across the Country, University of Tehran, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ibn Khaldun Hall, Available at: http://farasatkhah.blogsky.com/1395/ 02/27 / post-319. [Persian].
Faraskhah, M. (2013) Holding the first meeting of social critique of higher education policies and programs, Social Science Month Book, 69 (1), 89-96. [Persian]
Farjad, M. H. (1993). Social pathology and sociology of deviations. Tehran: Badr Publications. [Persian]
Forum, E. (1997). Escape from freedom. Translated by Ezatullah Fooladvand. Tehran: Morvarid Publications. [Persian]
George Riters. (2001). Sociological theory in contemporary times. Translated by Mohsen Thalasi Tehran, Scientific Publications. [Persian]
Ghaedi, M. (2018). The typology of scientific corruption and its relationship with science and technology policies in the field of humanities in Iran. PhD Thesis in Management, Policy-Making, Science and Technology, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Mazandaran University. [Persian]
Ghaedi, M., Madhoushi, M., Razzaqi, N. & Safaei, A. H. (2018). Causes and causes of university corruption and its consequences. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 24(10), 135-113. [Persian]
Giddens, A., & Karen, B. (2020). Sociology with a complete and up-to-date revision (Translated by Hassan Chavoshian). Tehran: Ney Publishing, 2010. [Persian].
Heneman, S. (2011). The corruption of ethics in higher education. International Higher Education, 4(62), 8-9.
Heneman, S. P. (2004). Education and corruption. International Journal of Educational Development, 24(6), 637-648.
Hosseini Hashemzadeh, D. (2019). University Corruption (Typology, Methodology, Causes, Consequences and Strategies to Combat It). Tehran Agah Publications, First Edition: [Persian].
Keller, M. (1978). Corruption in America: Continuity and Change. In A. Eisenstadt, A. Hoogenboom, and H. Trefousse (Eds.), Before Watergate: Problems of Corruption in American Society. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn College Press.
Khalfkhani, M. (2014). A Comparative Study of Government Support Methods for Private and Public Higher Education Systems, Higher Education of Iran, 5(4), 83-106. [Persian]
McCormack, D. C. (2012). The challenge of corruption in higher education: The case of Vietnam. ", Asian Education and Development Studies, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 262-275. https://doi.org/10.1108/20463161211270482.
Naseri, A., & Fathi, M. (2016). Investigating the factors affecting the tendency of senior students to plagiarism. Empirical Accounting Research,28, 1-20. [Persian].
Nazarzadeh Zare, M., & Mohammadi, Sh. (2021). Nazarzadeh Zare, M., & Mohammadi, Sh. (2020). Recruiting Graduates of Insider at University: Challenge or Opportunity?Journal of Science & Technology Policy, 12(1), 91-104. {In Persian}.
Osipian, A. (2007). Higher education corruption in Ukraine: Opinions and estimates. International Higher Education, 49, 21–22.
Osipian, A. (2009 a). Corruption and reform in higher education in Ukraine. Canadian and International Education Journal, 38(2).
Osipian, A. (2009 b). Corruption in the higher education industry: Legal cases in the context of change. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the University Council for Education Administration (UCEA), Anaheim, CA,
Osipian, A. (2009 c). Grey areas in the higher education sector finance: Illegality versus corruption. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Education Finance Association (AEFA), Nashville, TN.
Osipian, A. (2009 d). Investigating corruption in American higher education: The methodology. FedUni Journal of Higher Education, 4(2), 49–81.
Osipian, A. (2013 a). “Recruitment and admissions: fostering transparency on the path to higher education”, Global Corruption Report: Education, Transparency International,148-155.
Osipian, A. (2013 b). “Will bribery and fraud converge? Comparative corruption in higher education in Russia and the USA”, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and: Internationa 10.1080/03057925.2012. 728374l Education, DOI.
Otengho, S. J. (2016). Government Official's Perspective on Regulatory Mechanisms to Mitigate Unabated Corruption in the Education Sector in Kenya: A Case Study (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University).
Pourezat, A. A., Gholipour, A., Heidari, E., & Saeedinejad, M. (2012). Identifying the effective factors and consequences of non-university behaviors among university professors. Creative in Science and Technology, Year 7(2), 1 -13. [Persian]
Rayess, A., & Mansur, N. N. (2016). Favor reciprocation theory in education: New corruption typology, International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 20–32.
Rob Stones. (2012). Great sociological thinkers. Translated by Mirdamadi, Mehrdad. Tehran, Markaz Publishing. [Persian]
Sabic-EI-Rayess, A., & Mansur, N. N. (2016). Favor reciprocation theory in education: New corruption typology, International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 20–32.
Soodager, H., Purizat, A. A. (2012). University and Government; Reflections on Science Calligraphy, Approach, 14(53), 47-52. [Persian]
Sotoudeh, H. (2017). Social Pathology (Sociology of Deviations). Tehran, Avae Noor Publications. [Persian]
Tavakol, M., & Naseri Rad, M. (2009). Scientific Theft by Explaining the Sociology of Science, Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, 4(3, 4), 1-16. [Persian]
Tierney, W. G., & Sabharwal, N. S. (2017). Academic corruption: Culture and trust in higher education. International Journal of Educational Development, 55, 30-40.
Torsello, D., & Venard, B. (2016). The anthropology of corruption. Journal of Management Inquiry, 25(1), 34–54.
Weitz, E., & Vardi, Y. (2004). Misbehavior in organizations (theory, research, and management). London New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates.
Zamani, B. E., Azimi, S.A. & Soleimani, N. (2013). Identifying and prioritizing the factors affecting the scientific theft of students of the University of Isfahan, Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 19(1), 91-101. [Persian]