نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری برنامه‌ریزی درسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

3 استادیار، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

4 دانشیار، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

هدف این پژوهش بررسی جایگاه تربیت شهروند مجازی در برنامه‌های درسی رسمی دوره ابتدایی ایران بود. این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی و شامل تحلیل اسنادی و تحلیل محتوا به شیوه آنتروپی شانون بود. واحد تحلیل محتوا؛ متون، تصاویر و فعالیت‌‌های کتاب‌های درسی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش 41 جلد کتاب درسی دوره ابتدایی در سال تحصیلی 400-1399 بود که 24 جلد به روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند انتخاب شد. برای تعیین روایی ابزار، از روایی محتوایی به شکل نظرخواهی از متخصصان در مورد میزان هماهنگی محتوای ابزار اندازه‌گیری و هدف پژوهش به روش کیفی استفاده شد. ضریب پایایی نیز به روش اسکات 83/0 به دست آمد.
یافته‌های حاصل از تحلیل آنتروپی شانون نشان داد بیشترین میزان بار اطلاعاتی و ضریب اهمیت در بین مؤلفه‌های مطلوب تربیت شهروند مجازی به مؤلفه‌ی "سواد مجازی" مجموعاً با مقدار (386/0) و کم‌ترین میزان بار اطلاعاتی و ضریب اهمیت به مؤلفه‌های " امنیت مجازی"، " آداب معاشرت مجازی"، " حقوق و مسؤلیت‌های مجازی"، " قوانین مجازی" و " تجارت مجازی" مجموعاً با مقدار (0) تعلق دارد. همچنین یافته‌های مربوط به آمار توصیفی نشان داد که حدود 4 درصد از محتوای کتاب‌های درسی مورد بررسی به مؤلفه‌های تربیت شهروند مجازی توجه داشته‌اند.
با توجه به یافته‌ها می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که جایگاه تربیت شهروند مجازی در برنامه‌های درسی دوره ابتدایی ایران تا حد زیادی مغفول مانده است. بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود با توجه به ضرورت تربیت شهروندان مجازی در عصر حاضر، برنامه‌های درسی دوره ابتدایی از نظر ایجاد پوشش مناسب روی مؤلفه‌های مورد نیاز تربیت شهروند مجازی، مورد بازنگری قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The position of digital citizenship education in the official curricula of elementary school in educational system of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • seyed mahdi hosseini 1
  • kourosh fathiVajargah 2
  • mahmoud haghani 3
  • mahboobeh arefi 4
  • Morteza Rezaeezadeh 3

1 Ph.D. Student, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Assistant Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Thran, Iran.

4 Asociate Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Thran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction
As technology has grown, so problems related to its use raised. Because the growth of technology has increased the availability and expansion of the use of technology in primary schools as well as the use of these technologies by students at home, so the need to support students to stay safe, accountable, participate and collaboration in cyberspace and the like is more than ever. Issues related to the expansion of the use of technology and cyberspace; necessitate the education of digital citizens by the educational system.
Method
The purpose of this study was to investigate the position of digital citizenship education in the official curricula of elementary school in Iran. This research was descriptive and included documentary analysis and content analysis by Shannon entropy method. Content Analysis Unit; It was texts, pictures and textbook activities. The statistical population of the study was 41 volumes of elementary school textbooks in the academic year 2019-2020, of which 24 volumes were selected by purposive sampling. To determine the validity of the instrument, content validity was used in the form of a survey of experts on the degree of coordination of the content of the measuring instrument and the purpose of the research. The reliability coefficient was obtained by Scott method 0.83.
Results
Findings showed that out of 2631 counting units counted; 98 cases were related to the eight components of digital citizenship education. In other words, about 4% of the content of the three sections of the content of the studied textbooks has paid attention to the desirable components of digital citizenship education.
Findings from Shannon entropy analysis showed that the highest Ej and Wj among the components of digital citizenship education belong to the component of "digital literacy" with a total value of (0.3866) and the lowest Ej and Wj belong to the components of "digital Security", "digital Etiquette", "digital Rights and Responsibilities", "digital laws" and "digital commerce " all to the value of (0).
Discussion
According to the findings, it can be concluded that the position of digital citizenship education in Iranian elementary school curricula has been largely neglected. Therefore, it is suggested that considering the necessity of educating digital citizens in the present age, elementary school curricula should be revised in terms of providing appropriate coverage on the components required for educating digital citizens.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Citizenship Education
  • virtual Citizenship
  • Electronic citizen
  • Shannon Entropy
  • Curriculum
AbediniBaltrk, M (2009). Content analysis of elementary school textbooks based on health education components. Master Thesis in Educational Planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar. ]Persian[
Abu-Omar, R., & Jwaifell, M. (2018) Digital Citizenship in the Arabic Language Textbooks: Content Analysis. Journal of Education and Practice, 9(32), 47-63.
Aloysius, C. (2001). The media response: A journalist’s view of the problem in Asia. Na. in Arnaldo, C. A. (Ed.). (2001). Child abuse on the internet: Ending the silence. Berghahn Books.157-162.
Arizi, H & Abedi, A. (2003). Content analysis of elementary school textbooks based on achievement motivation structure. Quarterly Journal of Educational Innovation, 2 (5), 29.52. ]Persian[
Armfield, S. W., & Blocher, J. M. (2019). Global Digital Citizenship: Providing Context. TechTrends, 63(4), 470-476.
Arnaldo, C. A., and Finnstro¨m, A. (1998). Youth and communication. In U. Carlsson and C. von Feilitzen (Eds.), Children and media violence. 35-41.
Atif, Y., & Chou, C. (2018). Digital citizenship: innovations in education, practice, and pedagogy. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 152-154.
Ayati, M., & Naderi, F. (2014). Analyzing the content of the first to third grade elementary textbooks in terms of paying attention to the position of the police force (citizenship education). South Khorasan Law Enforcement Quarterly, 3(14), 9-26. ]Persian[
Ayati, M., RodiAliabadi, S. & Rostaminejad, M. (2019). Validating students' lifelong learning competencies scale in digital age. Journal of Educational Sciences, 26(2), 177-14. ]Persian[
Azar, A (2001). Development of Shannon entropy method for data processing in content analysis. Journal of Humanities Al-Zahra University. 11(37-38), 1-18. ]Persian[
Bahrami pour, M.; Kian, M. and Niknam, Z (2015). Analysis of the neglected curriculum dimensions of seventh grade social studies. Education Quarterly, 131, 9-35. ]Persian[
Bastien, F., Koop, R., Small, T. A., Giasson, T., & Jansen, H. (2020). The role of online technologies and digital skills in the political participation of citizens with disabilities.  Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 1-14.
Bennett, L. (2005). Learning cyber citizenship in middle school. Meridian: A Middle School Computer Technologies Journal.
Bennett, L., and Fessenden, J. (2006). Citizenship through online communication. Social Education, 70(3), 144-146.
Berson, M. J., and Berson, I. R. (2004). Developing Thoughtful" Cybercitizens". Social Studies and the Young Learner, 16(4), 5-8.
Choi, M. (2015). Development of a scale to measure digital citizenship among young adults for democratic citizenship education (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University).
Choi, M. (2016). A concept analysis of digital citizenship for democratic citizenship education in the internet age. Theory & research in social education44(4), 565-607.
Choi, M., Glassman, M., & Cristol, D. (2017). What it means to be a citizen in the internet age: Development of a reliable and valid digital citizenship scale. Computers & Education, 107, 100-112.
Cowburn, M., & Dominelli, L. (2001). Masking hegemonic masculinity: Reconstructing the paedophile as the dangerous stranger. British Journal of Social Work, 31(3), 399-415.
Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., & Wolak, J. (2000). Online Victimization: A Report on the Nation's Youth. Retrieved December 12, 2017, from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED442039.pdf
Garshasbi, A., FathiVajargah, K., & Arefi, M. (2020). The Position of Ethnicity in Formal Curriculum of Humanities Discipline, Case Study: (Sociology and History Books in the New Secondary School System). Journal of Educational Sciences (J. Edu. Sci), 27 (1), 73-94. ]Persian[
Gearhart, D. (2008). Technoethics in education for the twenty-first century. Handbook of research on technoethcis, information science reference, 263-277.
Hajizadeh, E., & Asghari, M. (2010). Methods and statistical analysis with a view to research methods in biological and health sciences. Tehran: University Institute. ]Persian[
Harfati Sobhani Lilabadi, M., & Piri, M. (2015). Content analysis of high school textbooks with emphasis on first aid education. Journal of Rescue and Relief, 8(4), 103-122. ]Persian[
Hollandsworth, R., Dowdy, L., & Donovan, J. (2011). Digital citizenship in K-12: It takes a village. TechTrends, 55(4), 37-47.
Jafari, M., Farzi, F., & Babaei, E. (2012). Content Analysis of Social Education Textbooks in the First and Second Years of Middle School Based on the Components of Citizenship Education. Cultural Engineering. 8(78), 74-90. ]Persian[
Jamali Tazekand, M., Talebzadeh Nobarian, M., & Abolghasemi, M. (2012). Analysis of the position of citizenship education components in the content of high school social sciences curriculum. Research in Curriculum Planning, 10 (10), 1-19.
Jones, L. M., & Mitchell, K. J. (2016). Defining and measuring youth digital citizenship. New Media and Society, 18(9), 2063-2079.
Lauricella, A. R., Herdzina, J., & Robb, M. (2020). Early childhood educators’ teaching of digital citizenship competencies. Computers & Education, 158, 103989.
Longford, G. (2005). Pedagogies of digital citizenship and the politics of code. Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology, 9(1), 68-96.
Martin, F., Hunt, B., Wang, C., & Brooks, E. (2020). Middle School Student Perception of Technology Use and Digital Citizenship Practices. Computers in the Schools, 37(3), 196-215.
Mattson, K. (2016). Moving beyond personal responsibility: A critical discourse analysis of digital citizenship curricula (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University).
Mishna, F., Cook, C., Saini, M., Wu, M. J., & MacFadden, R. (2011). Interventions to prevent and reduce cyber abuse of youth: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(1), 5-14.
Moeller, S., Joseph, A., Lau, J., & Carbo, T. (2011). Towards media and information literacy indicators. In Background document of the UNESCO Expert Meeting (Bangkok, Thailand, 4-6 November 2010).
Mohammadi Gheshlagh, P., & Abdosalam, R. (2018). Content analysis of the level of attention to the components of citizenship education in elementary school social education textbooks. Journal of Educational Management Research, 10(30), 15-33. ]Persian[
Mohammadi, S., DarzianAzizi, A., & Eydun, A. (2018). Identification of Effective Factors on Students Purchasing Behavior as the Users of Computer Games (the Case: Elementary School Students in Ahvaz City). Journal of Educational Sciences (J. Edu. Sci), 27(1), 73-94. ]Persian[
Mohammadichemardani, H., & Rahmani, M. (2019). Identifying Effective Factors in Success of E-Learning Courses. Journal of Educational Sciences, 26(1), 137-154. ] Persian[
MohammadJani, F., Saadatmand, Z., & KeshtiAray, N. (2013). Content analysis of elementary school textbooks based on global education components. Journal of Education and Learning, 1(2), 52-66. ]Persian[
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2007). Digital citizenship: The Internet, society, and participation. MIt Press.
Naqib Sadat, S.R. (2008). Application of Content Analysis Method for Social Science Video Messages, The Social Studies Book, 14, 4-14. ]Persian[
Ohler, J. (2012). Digital citizenship means character education for the digital age. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(sup1), 25-27.
Payne, J. L. (2016). A case study of teaching digital citizenship in fifth grade (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Alabama).
Ribble, M. (2006). Implementing digital citizenship in schools: The research, Development and validation of a technology leader’s guide. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Proquest Dissertations and Theses.
Ribble, M. (2008). Passport to digital citizenship. Learning & leading with technology, 36(4), 14-17.
Ribble, M. (2009). Becoming a digital citizen in a technological world. In R. Luppicini and R. Adell (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Technoethics (250-262). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Ribble, M. (2011). Digital citizenship in schools. International Society for Technology in Education.
Ribble, M. (2012). Digital citizenship for educational change. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 48(4), 148-151.
Ribble, M. (2014). Raising a digital child. ISTE.
Ribble, M. & Bailey, G. (2007). Digital citizenship in school. International society for technology in education (ISTE).
Ribble, M. S., & Bailey, G. D. (2004). Digital Citizenship Focus Questions for Implementation. Learning and Leading with Technology, 32(2), 12-15.
Ribble, M. S., Bailey, G. D., & Ross, T. W. (2004). Digital citizenship: Addressing appropriate technology behavior. Learning & Leading with technology, 32(1), 6.
Robb, M., & Shellenbarger, T. (2013). Promoting Digital Citizenship and Academic Integrity in Technology Classrooms. Education, 38(3), 353-359.
Sarmad, Z., & Hejazi, A. (2001). Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Tehran: Wesepehr Publications. ]Persian[
ShahTalebi, B., Gholizadeh, A., & Sharifi, S. (2010). Components of Citizenship Culture Education for Middle School Students with Emphasis on Religious Teaching and Electronic Citizenship, Educational Sciences, 3(10), 157-178. ]Persian[
Simsek, E., & Simsek, A. (2013). New literacies for digital citizenship. Contemporary Educational Technology, 4(2), 126-137.
Takavarasha, S., Cilliers, L., & Chinyamurindi, W. (2018). Navigating the unbeaten track from digital literacy to digital citizenship: A case of university students in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. Reading & Writing, 9(1), 1-15.
Winn, M. R. (2012). Promote Digital Citizenship through School-Based Social Networking. Learning and Leading with Technology, 39(4), 10-13.
Yildiz, E. P., Çengel, M., & Alkan, A. (2020). Determination of Digital Citizenship Levels of University Students at Sakarya University Turkey. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(3), 300-308.