نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 Eugene Garfield. When to cite? Library quarterly, October 1996, 66(4): 449-458
2 عضو هیئت علمی گروه کتابداری واطلاع رسانی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز،اهواز،ایران
چکیده
هرچند در دستنامه انجمن زبانهای مدرن و دستنامه‌های سایر سبکها توضیحات دقیق بسیاری در مورد "چگونگی"استناد کردن وجود دارد، اما دستورالعمل روشنی برای اینکه"چه موقع" به متنی استناد کنیم دیده نمی‌شود. اکثر نشریات دستورالعملهای لازم را برای مؤلفین تهیه کرده‌اند،اما در مورد زمان استناد کردن توضیحی نداده‌اند. علی‌رغم مطالعات بی‌شماری که در مورد رفتارهای استنادی به عمل آمده است، و به رغم اینکه ویراستاران و سردبیران مجلاّت به طور گسترده برلزوم ابراز دَین فکری صحه گذاشته‌اند، لازم است نکاتی در مورد زمان مناسب برای دادن ارجاعات رسمی و قدردانی از نویسندگان دیگر، به نویسندگان و داوران یادآور شود. چون استناد امری است ذهنی و فرهنگی، می‌توان گفت که هیچ دستورالعمل قاطعی مبنی بر زمان استناد وجود ندارد. از این رو، دور از انتظار است که آمایش متون اساساً بتواند آنچه را که لازمه ربط[1] ، گزینشی‌بودن[2] و جامعیت[3] است، برآورده سازد. آنچه که در یک زمینه بدیهی است، در زمینه دیگر ممکن است تازگی داشته و یا مطلب منحصر به فردی باشد. آزمون سه ساله‌ای که دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد به بالا نیز در آن شرکت داشته‌اند، نشان داد که در مورد لزوم استناد به لغات و اصطلاحات، ایده ها، روشها، و غیره برداشتهای متفاوتی وجود دارد. در این مقاله برای ویراستاران و سردبیران نشریات دستورالعمل موقتی پیشنهاد شده است که باید در عمل با زمینه های مختلف وفق داده شود.
[1] - relevance
[2] - selectivity
[3] - comprehensiveness
عنوان مقاله [English]
When to Cite?
نویسندگان [English]
- Eugene Garfield 1
- A.H. Farajpahlou 2
1 Eugene Garfield. When to cite? Library quarterly, October 1996, 66(4): 449-458
2 Faculty member of the Department of Library and Information Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]
Although the Modern Language Association and other style manuals describe in exquisite detail “how” to cite the literature, explicit tutorials on when” to cite are nonexistent. Most journals provide instructions to authors but also fail to give explicit guidance on when to cite. In spite of numerous studies of citation behavior and the wide recognition by editors of the need acknowledge intellectual debts, authors and referees need explicit reminders as to when formal references or acknowledgments are appropriate. Since referencing is both subjective and culturally based, there can be no absolutes about when to cite. Hence, it is unlikely that algorithmic documentation of texts can ever meet the competing requirements for relevance, selectivity, and comprehensiveness. What is common wisdom in one domain may be new or unique in another. A three-year experiment involving graduate students demonstrated the varying perceptions of the need for documentation of terminology, ideas, methods, and so forth. A tentajive tutorial is suggested for journal editors that should be modified in each scholarly context.
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